Habitat: Most coomon on vertical wall faces at reef edge in areas of strong currents, at depths of 30 to about 100 m. Distribution: Known from Colombia to the Bahamas and abundantly observed in Crawl Key, Bocas del Toro, Panama. Natural History Notes: This species has been important commercially, the main branches of large colonies are suitable for jewelry. Characteristics: Large bushy colonies 1m or more in height. Their branches are linear, elongate, and small branchlets are straight or slightly curved. Spines conical to subcylindrical and flared and covered with small knob-like or cone-shaped tubercles.